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All these writers viewed “human society as essentially a series of market relations” (p. 270); some of them, like locke, came views no. 5 | ' | ceaaes segnni aieeea which might have been given more weight earlier in the book that puritanism could lead towards a eeeiitaa a book reviews  book reviews mao’s communists had had little contact with the thereby to a conception of freedom that men had not had before: the tragedy was that it involved a denial of freedom to half mankind (p. 262). At the end she joins a sit-down protest, and is act in any meaningful way to change soeiety; -—the apathy and scepticism of the working class and the compliance of the middle class in the process of political control; —the attempt to recreate basic,‘‘primitive” relationships as an alternative to the hollowness of the political posturings and to the people who are “cheated, conned, manipulated.”

Foreign News

anaconda which had 16.64 per cent o f its total world investments in chile got 79.24 per cent o f its profits from there; similarly, kennecot with 13.16 per cent o f its investments in chile got 21.37 per cent o f its profits. up o f a people’s assembly, the end o f by proceeding in this way allende private education, and the takeover o f has been able to force the right to farms and factories without compensa­ accept measures they would want to tion.

Creative America

Again the question: does this place now being assigned to the arts imply a salutary change in the values of the social organisation as to the function of art in society ; or doesit signify that the artist is being asked to relinquish his role so as to engage in a false celebration of a spurious community? federal urban renewal administrators tell us that art galleries; museums, concerthalls, theatres, and other such “purveyors of unusual merchandise” must be located not in the community but in the central business districts of the large cities, so as remuneratively to provide a ration of escapist: excitement for a population increasingly condemned to a suburbia of dull anonymity. The keynote essay * 101 views 6—autumn 1964  creative america—eleanor hakim president kennedy begins by citing precedents for the cold war utilisation of art: both lincoln during the civil war, and roosevelt during the second world war, “in the midst of great national trials,” concerned themselves “with artistic endeavors,” understanding “that the life of the arts, far from being an interruption, a distraction, in the life of a nation, is very close to the centre of a nation’s purpose—andis the test of the quality of a nation’s civilisation.’

Radical Difference

We're challenged by the satanic verses crisis to face something very deep: that perhaps our models of the social contract, or of harmonious or organic society, should be rethought in terms of the reality of contestation and challenge within co-existing cultural systems.4 bhabha's argument for a cultural-political economy which 'keeps open the terrain of unresolved differences' (an argument which has found activist expression in campaigns for the right to dissent by groups such as black radical difference v  voices in support of salman rushdie and women against fundamentalism) is addressed in this issue of new formations by paul hirst, who argues the political need for negotiated 'standards of validity' against which epistemological and political claims may be measured. 'we feel no bitterness towards england.' 2 and yet, at a time when the cultural and political boundaries etched out over forty post-war years are so dramatically shifting, it is worth recalling the potentially violent effects of the authoritarian inscription of social identities friend versus foe, defender of the nation versus enemy within - at moments of historical crisis: effects written into the psyches and bodies of historical subjects, in the manner of their life and death (there were suicides on the isle of man and, in one particularly gruesome incident in july 1940, when german speakers were still being rounded up indiscriminately, 1,500 male internees, deported by the british government and sent on an unarmed cargo boat to canada, were torpedoed en route by a german u-boat, and drowned to a m;;n.3  a situation in which the coercive ascription of a putatively shared 'germanness' led those persecuted under fascism to become at best the bedding partners, at worst, the partners in death of national socialists will never return in the form it took in britain in the early 1940s.

Other Views

There has been a certain amount of deliberate confusion here, in labour’s arguments, and, worse, some evidence of choice of this group as an electoral image, whatever 14 labour government, but for an increase of political activity, in the labour movement, which would be capable of helping the government—itself not strategy be “incorporated into a socialist base” are specifically, the appeal connected with the white not merely likely to be set on “‘a firmly individualist collar workers, the lower-middle class whose claim course” if the government takes the wrong kind of to educational and social opportunity has been legitimised by the gradual acceptance of ability as the action; they were on that course as long ago as the criterion for individual mobility.

Mississippi Movement

More than that ; since sncc assumes that the demand for freedom, on the part of local negroes, will remain constant, and that the only meaningful freedom is a situation where a man controls his own life, they accept the inevitable conclusion that sncc ought not to lead local people, or impose leadership, solutions, programmes on them, but become the tool by which local people can begin to transform, and control, the organisations and insti- tutions which presently dominate their lives. But sncc (and by sncc i mean the movement, andits evolving local organisations, both snccorganisers, and the local people nee norm fruchter—somenotes on the movementin mississippi  who sustain them and act with them) seems to have abandoned the goal of eventual integration into existing mississippi society as both unrealistic and undesirable.

Cinema/Americanism/The Robot

This would require a new reason, not the instrumental reason of utility and the machine as tool but, we might speculate, an ornamental reason in which the 'magic force' of the tiller girls (no longer girls) was directed to a new form of mass art (for mass art's sake) with the same technical and formal rigour but with a re-situated hedonism and transformed eroticism. Fundamentally, mcluhan, like huxley or celine, was an opponent of fordism who saw, in the advent of the new electronic technology of the media, the possibility of superseding it and reconstructing, on a new basis, the old pre-fordist (indeed, pre-gutenberg) 'community' in the form of the 'global village'.

Political News

The journalist w.t stead, editor of the pall mall gazette in the 1880s, wrote that the telegraph and printing press had 'converted britain into a vast agora, or assembly of the whole community, in which the discussion of the affairs of state is carried on from day to day in the hearing of the whole people'.2 from the 1880s, the more popular papers provide a fitful and meagre ration of political news with a heavier counter-tow of the stories about the threatened collapse into disorder of this new mass society, terrifyingly unpoliced by the natural order of masters and servants. Radio provided political news for the masses; although the bbc adopted the authoritative, impersonal tone of the broadsheets, the speaking voice and the brevity of the items fashioned an appeal for listeners, creating a new mass audience for some sort of political news.

Travelling Stars

This comparison notwithstanding, t r a v e l l i n g stars io3  the potential of rushdie's account lies less in its formal political analysis than in his particular way of seeing and writing. 'if nicaragua was a soviet-style state i was a monkey's uncle.' it is unlikely that readers wanting a detailed empirical analysis of the current situation will turn to rushdie - although, to be judicious about such things, the 'monkey's uncle' quip possesses a higher epistemological threshold than any number of the political science monographs now appearing in such profusion and boasting their backup of corporate research programmes, mainframe technology, and dizzying conceptual edifices.

Fashion/Orientalism/The Body

indeed, when the russian ballet came to london just before the first world war, the 'warlike group' of slade students who startled london with 'a witches' sabbath of fauvism', the 'terrors of soho', were enthusiasts for bakst and fokine, at least according to ezra pound, who writes in his poem 'les millwin' how: the turbulent and undisciplined host of art students the rigorous deputation from 'slade' was before them. Bataille drew on the american indian custom oipotlatch, the wilful expenditure of the surplus by a chief rather than f a s h i o n / o r i e n t a l i s m / t h e body 27  its use for exchange or productive investment, to construct a model of a 'general economy' which could be contrasted with the 'restricted economy' of contemporary capitalism.

Absolute Beginnings

but the secondary modern school is, by and large, so well adjusted to the social norms of the society, that it cannot afford to recognise the interpenetration of "school" and "leisure" attitudes in young people, or the playback of "teenage" interests in the school and classroom. In its own way, the secondary modern school—its whole conception as a second-class educational stream, the idea that any kind of modern education can be given in the old school environment—is a careful adjustment to welfare state britain.

Three Poems

Indeed, in view of this restriction on our ability to cope with a balance of payments problem, it is ironic that the record of the conservative government on the provision of instruments capable of modifying the working of blind market forces is much worse than that of the french: it offered the free trade area the only alter­ native to the common market, it abolished the european payments union, it opened the british market to imports from the usa which came as a reprisal against the common market countries), and has passed no distinction in anti­ cartel legislation. chance what comes the common market is still sufficiently fluid, and the extent of national rivalry sufficiently great to make it impossible to produce any clear statement of how important britain’s influence could be; but in matters of foreign policy, of balance of payments policies, of tariff policy, and even in other areas, there is good reason to believe that we should be able to wield more influence by staying out than by going in.

Cultural fishing

Reviews soundings issue 12 summer 1999 cultural fishing jo littler christopher h. j. bradley, mrs thatcher's cultural policies: 1979 - 1990: a comparative study of the globalized cultural system, columbia university press 1998, $28 since the mid-1980s an increasing amount of attention has been paid to cultural policy by academics, journalists, policy-makers and advisors. The cultural politics and social histories shaping (and shaped by) british cultural policy have become more thoroughly interrogated (for example in andrew blake's and jim mcguigan's work); and one of the main points of tony bennett's recent book culture: a reformer's science was that cultural studies should be more concerned with its actual and potential relationship to policy.

Jonathan Rutherford

In 1986, david marsland, in a melodramatically entitled essay 'young people betrayed', written for the right-wing think tank the social affairs unit, called for the restoration of the family's responsibility for young people.4 he argued that society should stop treating young people as if they were adults and recognise their need for caring support and firm leadership. The picture is complex, and, despite the problems facing young black men, young people from ethnic 116  'young britain' minorities are now relatively over-represented in higher education.

JAPAN PANIC

As mark holborn writes in the catalogue for the barbican's beyond japan exhibition, 'the dialogue between japan and the west is frequently described in terms of japan's absorption of the west... in contrast, the west's absorption of japan is inconclusive and rarely described.' Apan japan panic as britain prepares to celebrate the spectacle of japan, kevin robins and david morley examine the west's fears that its own culture of modernity is being undermined t he west, we know, has a problem with japan.

Taxing Problem

What, in the 21st century, will be the arrangement of power and responsibility between supra-national organisations, local political institutions and the nation-state? thatcher turned her back on both local and supra-national arrangements and has decided to go down fighting for the nation-state. but talking about the poll tax, and who isn't, the first thing is the most obvious: that whatever government had been in power, local government finance would have been in a mess.

Fallen Angels

as one numbing example follows the next in this catalogue of the 'cultural logic of late capital', all previous images of the city as the civic space for democratic exchange and social interaction are obliterated, to be replaced by a representation of los angeles as a festering wound where every spectacle of post-modern indulgence corporate or individual barely conceals a genealogy of power and corruption. where others have come in the past to praise the architectural extravaganzas and simulated spectacles of la, (and both fredric jameson and jean baudrillard are indicted), davis buries them under an awesome accumulation of fact, anecdote, interpretation and critique that unfolds the terrifying tale of the political economy of la. whoever reads this book and it ought to be compulsory, particularly as an extremely effective antidote to any excess of the 'post-moderns' will select favourite passages that illuminate the total picture.

Magic Words

i'm not giving ground to those who always said that the gay movement had 'spoilt' the word 'gay', had 'deprived the language of a very useful word' by associating it with sexual peculiarity. yet 'word politics' runs the risk of thinking that words and discourse are all there is, of forgetting that they are attempts to make sense of what are not themselves words and discourse: bodies, feelings, and things.

Deep Freeze

There remains an important doubt as to whether the centre knew and wanted the mur- 'gorbachev cannot save socialism, and he remains what he has always been - a nonelected dictator, albeit one who appeared to want a society in which dictatorship was not the norm' ders - important not because it can escape ultimate responsibility, but important because it is in these ambiguities that the prospect of further crackdown, or a lurch back to some form of reform will be detected. In a deficit economy, there is no possibility of co-operatives, which lack established lines friend of the toilers has proved to retain a certain enduring popularity in many quarters of society - the more so, as far as can be discerned, as reform ends in chaos and shortages.

Bleak Market

the distorted capital structure inherited from the past also requires purposive action: the relevant model could be south korea and japan where the state played and plays an important role in investment policy, rather than the free capital market of the text books. And, finally, the highly disordered condition of the economy, the chronic shortages, the many forms taken by black market activities, reinforces the public image of the entrepreneur as engaged in illegitimate enrichment.

Andrea Dworkin

Ms., newsweek, time, national review, rolling stone, new york, mirabella, sears, wall street journal, vanity fair, tv guide, woman of power, media report to women, the iconoclast, women hurt in systems of prostitution, media week. andrea dworkin was born in camden, new jersey in 1946, and now lives in new york.

Motor Showdown

It was bad luck that the dull glow of trouble in the middle east came along just before the motor show to illuminate it all, but the motor manufacturers and distributors, the used-car trade, the motormagazine publishers, the classic-car collectors, the auctioneers, the car restorers and the vast, multinational, vertically integrated business that leads from oil wells to acid rain by way of the ubiquitous hatchback, is having a very bad time indeed. Review martin pawley finds motor car design at the crossroads motor showdown alpha romeo sz: truly advanced this year's motor show,

Russian Roulette

This would be based on multi-party democracy, a market-led economy, a plurality of forms of ownership, integration into the world economy and a welfare system to cope with social costs. It may well be the combination of economic backwardness, growing social unrest, the role of the military and the traditions of authoritarianism mean that the far east and south america provide better guides to the soviet union's future.

After Communism

'the idea of economic and social progress must be subject to a new criterion - its impact on nature' w 'the state cannot be regarded any longer as the repository of all wisdom, as somehow being above society' certainly many of the old forms of socialism are in terminal decline. But if the left is to offer a real choice rather than simply a humane version of thatcherism, then it must have its own project for new times, and that requires an understanding of what new times are.

Culture Vulture

Simultaneously, mrs thatcher's government has used these rhetorical models in an increasingly artful way, pursuing political ends by fiscal means, expressing essentially social objectives in political language, achieving economic goals by way of a cultural transformation. For the liberal establishment is not just the class that accepted the corporatist structures of the new deal and the welfare state in the s 'despite her proud claim to have seen off the nanny state in the economy, mrs thatcher is now emerging as a platonic guardian of the culture' 40s and 50s (many of them tory wets in embryo), nor merely the group that presided over the expansion of their remit in the 60s (the great and the good of the quangos, the commissions and the corporations).