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PHOTO-FEATURE

” belfast’s cumann na mban, the i.r.a.’s woman’s organization, sided with the provisionals after the 1969  7 days 12 january 1972 n o w e lc o m e fo r th e s o ld ie r s in c a t h o lic a r e a s 9-year olds are often held and grilled with no adult present to help split. The best help you can october, “i have good grounds for give to the people in the north in their struggle, is to intensify the struggle believing that we in the republic have now come perilously close to political 11  7 days 7 days 12 january 1972 12 january 1972 an army rifleman surveys a belfast street.

LAW AND ORDER

The defendants harassment fitzroy macintosh and danny da costa, two maintain that this is a political trial: they are being tried for their presumed political beliefs, and not black friends of the defendants, were kept out of court through police obstruction. On the day following his appearance, judge during a demonstration against police harassment clarke stopped the trial and asked the jury to of the black community in london’s notting hill.

An exemplary life

His story is the product of admirably thorough research - seeking out interviewees surviving from his earliest years, leafing through the local abergavenny newspapers for a particularly interesting chapter on the town's life in the 1930s, checking on williams's student and army journalism, surveying his adult education work in the 1950s, delving into the business correspondence with his publisher chatto and windus, and of course immersing himself in the more predictable primary sources: the host of books and articles, and their reviews, williams's influence on the new left and role in the establishment of new left review, his political involvement with colleagues such as stuart hall, edward thompson and michael rustin in the production of the 1967 may day manifesto, and lastly, incorporating the impressions and reflections of his one-time cambridge students, a distinguished roster including such as anthony barnett, terry eagleton, stephen heath, patrick parrinder and bernard sharratt. he then recounts the complex of loyalties and linkages to the country life of his grandfather - farmworker and roadmender - and of his father - boy farmworker, 215  soundings then part-signalman, part-market-gardener - which he carried forward in his own personal journey from the black mountain country village to the city of cambridge, and thus into the network of his educated and desk-bound life; he recounts its further reverberations, through his writing, with the cities of rome, moscow and new york, and, through his reading, its links with bunyan, for whom cambridge was a model for vanity fair, with jude the obscure's unattainable christminster, and with h g wells' sinister vision of metropolitan london.

The Imperial Frenchman

Here too the right had agreed to try and mislead international opinion as to the ' democratic' intentions of  122 the new reasoner france in algeria by fabricating a kind of semi-autonomous statute, designed essentially for use as propaganda at the united nations - but it immediately demonstrated the most violent hostility when, under the pressure of french diplomats and allied ambassadors, the government tried to put into this ' outline ' some minimum reforms, which would have won support for the french position at uno. In france, on the other hand, colonial interests would not have been so powerful, and the struggle of the left so ineffective, if it had not been for the fact that, thanks to a hundred years of falsified history, thanks to a myth buried deep in the popular imagination, the french believed and still half believe, in the existence of the jacobin egalitarian empire and in a french civilisation bestowed equally upon all.

God & King & Law

White-headed old thomas bacon, travelling delegate of the derbyshire reformers, was a " pertinacious old fool " : he did not have the advantage of mr. white's fellowship a century and a half further on in time, and when he saw his people near to starvation and without political rights, he allowed himself to be tricked by mr. oliver, one of lord sidmouth's most gentlemanly gentlemen, into complicity in a futile rising which ended in his getting a government ticket to botany bay. feting on this peculiarly english conviction (how - one often thinks _ it would stimulate the historical imagination of dr. read and mr. white to see even the peculiarly english shape of a mounted police horse in trafalgar square!), they sent in the yeomanry to make the arrest; but (mr. white explains) the yeomanry were not really english gentlemen at all, they were manchester tradesmen on horseback.

The West Indian Immigrant

This plays a very important part in the behaviour of english people to west indians, ‘because the manner in which black people are presented in books, cinemas, music-halls, and other media of education, coupled with the devices used to defend colonial rule, leave the impression in most people’s minds that black people are somehow inferior and, as a consequence, there is a their class structure, and members of any group class-colour bias against people of colour. The west indian david pitt immigrant ports of the west indies, and many west indian he west indian comes to britain to seek a better life for himself and his family.

The African Contribution - II

Anyway, the benin bronzes, and especially: those of ife and a large number of closely related traditions, have stylistic characteristics which can be traced back to the terra cotta heads of the nok culture (see illustration), an extensive civilisation which flourished in northern nigeria more than two thousand years ago and which quite probably will be shown to have had much further ramifications, yet the benin work is not the best possible example of negro art, not only because of the deterioration in style which set in when large metal supplies became available, but also because it was almost exclusively a court art and, as such, more secular than the work of typical negro african tradition. His poem, totem, exposes someofits roots: “the white will never be negro for beauty is negro and negro is wisdom for endurance is negro and negro is courage “i must hide in my innermost veins the ancestor whose stormy hide is shot with for patience is negro and negro is irony thunder and lightning myanimal protector, i must hide him. .”

A New Cinematic Language

Anna, driven to suicide by her inability to regain genuine communication with sandro after a month of separation; sandro, driven by a demoniac force from one woman to another in search of—what? and 25  claudia, driven into a first love affair with the erratic, voluptuous sandro by a desire to find herself properly in the world, and compensate by a sensible, physical relation­ ship for the loss of anna, are all torn equally between the myths and their personal existential reality. Antonioni leaving the cinema in tears; the salvation of the film by the critics (who behind their enthusiastic phrases understood the film little better than the public); finally the palmares, cinema and television writers’ prize, prix de la nouvelle critique, special prize of the jury—pour la recherche d'un nouveau langage ciné­ matographique et pour la beauté de ses images.

Brian Hodgson An Apologia

: (a) capitalism modified by state interference to ameliorate the social repercussions of the sole operation of the profit motive, (b) laissez-faire modified to secure a less anti-social dis­ tribution of wealth and resources than that produced by “one penny, one vote”, (c) a society in which a substantial amount of ownership, especially of the means of production, etc., are in public and private hands, (d) a society in which a substantial amount of the planning and control of economic and social priorities is in public and private hands. t h e n eed fo r d e m o c r a tic s o c ia lism in the search for socialism this, then, that i have described, is the variety of socialist political philosophy which alone seems to me to commend itself on the grounds of the fundamental moral imperatives of happiness and freedom which, unlike socialism in all its complexity, can and do seem intuitively, as well as rationally, acceptable and essential to anyone of a recognisably left wing general psychological disposition.

The Pure White Diamond

patrick keatley has set out the alternatives for britain—‘which is it to be: trusteeship leading to african majority rule and the transfer of power to an african prime minister? or permanent white authority in salisbury and permanent secondary status for the african?” The facts tell their own story: for every £110 spent on the education of the european child £10 a year is spent on the african; in 1963 only 386 africans entered form iv out of a total school population of 650,000, while over 75 per cent of the 51,000 non-african children passed through this level; 81 africans entered the form 1v.

The Process: A Poem

realising that some substitute for these older forms must be found to allow the individual to escape the subtle conformist pressures of his society, riesman stresses the \ ie abundance for what, and other essays; david riesman,  esemr: sorreet ng ne great universal stores si- | lo 1ss he lat ist united kingdom and overseas woodhouse * smarts “jays burberry * scotch house « hope bros hector powe ° jax: paige graftons * willsons Sylvia has for years not listened to his conversation, and she knows he will always be a in order to help their attempts to improve the life of the process doing to distance what the tartars throughall blunt refusals the stubborn wind tears at foundations though the wind snatches up stray minds like scraps of paper and hurls them haphazard at walls and over fences over the brink to somefinal revelation trees crash like big guns in this night’s civil war where the wind wrenchesat the roots of dynasties, rips up the shorn locks of samson decorate our bedpost, like a scalp of primitive trophy.

Immigration - The Great Betrayal

Opponents of the white paper argued, in addition, that there had developed a policy, since the original act, of allowing in alien workers from europe to fill the vacancies that commonwealth workers would have taken up, and they produced the following table to substantiate the point (table c): re table c entry to britain of commonwealth (i.e. coloured) workers entry to britain of 1963 30,125 1964 % change 14,705 —s1% 39,663 42,584 +7.4%, alien (i.e. white) if, therefore, the key to the future of britain is a faster rate of economic growth than has been achieved in the past, if a necessary condition of that growth is the provision of labour to fill the manpower gap, and if the supply of immigrant labour is strictly related to the local demand in britain, i cannot see how we can avoid the conclusion that the national plan is contradicted not only by the white paper but by the original commonwealth immigrants act itself.

Vote, Vote, Vote for Nigel Barton

Mr. barton your labour candidate, will see what he cando... in hay’s car: day hay glances across at barton’s set face. barton is very shocked and recoils from the barton's flat: night barton throws pen down.

The Art of Life

manliness' the late eighteenth century gave form to the political, social and cultural contours of european modernity: the cultural differences of femininity and masculinity; the emergence of empires and the racialising of european cultures; the conflict between reason and feelings, commerce and sensibility; the divide between the public and private spheres of social life; the creation of the modern self and its other as a defining category of social life. Norbert elias has 76  the art of life described the changes in the customs of the roman upper classes and howsubsequent legislation altered the balance of power between men and women in women's favour.2 it was this weakening of private patriarchal authority and the changing relationship between the family household and the public sphere of the state which encouraged a philosophy of care of the self.

Mozambique - Under New Management

in mozambique, control of land and the economy is passing to international businesses, while control of government policy and services has been taken by a consortium of private companies, non-government organisations, foreign governments, and international agencies. A particular trick was to 188  mozambique - under new management give well paid consultancies in which government staff did work for an ngo but on government tune and using government resources.

A Winter's Journey

In sweden, though, the department three paradigns store model is no longer in favour, and a renewed dominate: the concern for public and civic values has led to the library as a temple design of libraries, such as the one in ornskoldsvik, of knowledge, as an based on re-creating the town square or street enclosed arcade or indoors, with civic sendees such as the library-, the information department, education advice services, town square, or as congregated around an inner street, with a cafe and cultural department even shops. a rne tells me, with just a hint of bravura, that the rotunda is almost exactly the same diameter as that of the stockholm city library, one of the great library buildings of europe, designed in the 1920s by erik gunnar asplund - the very same person responsible for the woodland cemetery - which has provided a reference point for much international library architecture since then.

Beyond the Community Romance

The attempt to counter this effect by using 'community relations' as a euphemism for 'race relations' only underlines the strategy of exclusion which is practised in its t 33  or is it something intrinsic to the term itself? community as soap opera my argument is that the popularity of community as an item of public speech derives from the fact that it provides a space of representation in which social contradictions and conflicts of every kind can be publicly played out, yet within a framework To identify these 'special cases' it then becomes necessary to interject a specialised descriptor - the black community, the bangladeshi community, the gay community, the deaf community, and so on.

But Is It Art?

the ybas reject the seriousness of the political art and photography of camerawork, victor burgin and ten eight magazine like, and also the generation of black british artists whose work began to appear in galleries from the mid-1980s- chila burman, mitra tabrizian, sonia boyce, david bailey, keith piper and film-maker isaac julien — all of whose work engaged at some level with cultural theory, with questions of identity and with new ethnicities. the new brand of art - spearheaded by hirst but envisaged and endorsed by the whole group now known as the ybas - boldly declares that art is no longer the prerogative of the elite, and its less special status warrants more attention.

L'Arroseur Arrose(E)

Dews is concerned, for example, to argue that derrida is 'determined to prevent any contamination between the empirical and the transcendental' (18): this very peculiar idea, which dews supports in a lengthy summary of derrida's 'critique' of merleauponty (this 'critique' occupies about three pages of derrida's first book, the introduction to husserl's origin of geometry, and consists in no more than a correction of merleau-ponty's misreading of certain aspects of husserl's thought) is evidently linked to the claim that derrida, unlike most posthegelian philosophers, 'continues to evade the exposure of thought to the contingency of interpretation, and the revisability of empirical knowledge' (37), whereas for dews, following adorno and habermas, 'philosophical concepts must be challenged and transformed in a confrontation with the results of concrete investigations, whether these take the form of empirical science or some other form' (36). This wonderfully aberrant section moves through the following points: 1) a repetition of the now traditional misreading of the end of 'structure, sign and play', which assumes derrida is simply urging on us a 'nietzschean' dionysianism; 2) a recognition that 'from the early 1970s onwards, derrida makes more persistent - and undoubtedly sincere - attempts to link the rational activity of deconstruction [which is not in fact essentially a theoretical activity] up with more directly political engagements and practices' (34—5); 3) an example of the beginner's error of conflating 'text' in derrida's sense with 'discourse', and the concomitant complaint that derrida's description of institutions as involving 'forces' and 'antagonism' implies a 'politically necessary recognition of a non-textual reality' (35) (this naturally taken as contradicting derrida's best-known dictum about 'nothing outside the text' it might just be worth suggesting, as a corrective, a quick look at 'force and signification' and 'differance', though any other text will do); 4) the following attempt at a refutation: 'given that institutions are traversed by relations of force, it is difficult to see how deconstruction could be applied to them [to correct the error involved in this notion of 'application' it might just be worth reading 'letter to a japanese friend', though any other text will do].

Reviews - The Third World

For professor worsley’s ambitions are diverse indeed: he proposes an historical anthropology of the whole region, spanning pre-colonial to post-colonial epochs and extending from the ‘small autosubsistent community to the ‘modern’ nation-state; he advances political and ideological interpretations which many will find highly contestable; he indicts the ‘old’, ‘affluent’ worlds — capitalist and communist — for their failures of morality and imagination in responding to the urgent, felt needs of the majority of mankind for an authentic human existence, an aspiration which can only be met through decolonisation and development. This dependent world zone has, after certain vicissitudes and false experiments with “alien” ideologies (communism, western socialism), succeeded recently in asserting its autonomous political personality on the international scene by means of anti-colonial nationalism, total rejection of cold war polarisation of world resources and interests, and a demand for peace and development as the highest human values of the epoch.

Dickens and his readers

With dickens however, there was a further psychological incentive: the symbolic relationship between the actual, latent explosiveness of capitalist society and the destruction of the prison (the archetype here is the storming of the bastille, which, as lyonel trilling has pointed out in his essay on little dorru, is a dominant nineteenth century symbol for the liberating power of revolution); and the prison was quite precisely the marshalsea, the debtor's jail where dickens's father was imprisoned. Universities & left review spring 1957 vol.1 no 1 dickens and his readers gabriel pearson dickens the man, remains after a half-century of biography and much literary, social and psychological criticism, a baffling figure, as complex, dynamic and tragic as the age in which he lived.

The Second Reform Bill

This was a great relief to cobden who wrote to parkes on august 9th 1857: "the social and political state of that town is far more healthy than that of manchester; and it arises from the fact that the industry of the hardware district is carried on by small manufacturers, employing only a few men and boys each; sometimes only an apprentice or two: whilst the great manufacturers in manchester form an aristocracy, individual members of which wield an influence over sometimes two thousands persons... the great capitalist class formed an excellent basis for the anti-corn-law movement, for they had inexhaustible purses, which they opened freely in a contest where not only their pecuniary interests but their pride as "an order" was at stake,: but i very much doubt whether such a state of society is favourable to a democratic political movement...." the "state of society" in birmingham itself did not really provide a oasis for a reform movement, and bright was shrewd enough to see that nothing could be done without the organized workers. it is true that the reform act of 1832 had suppressed a number of rotten boroughs and had reduced a number of small towns to single-member constituencies, the representation being transferred to counties and new boroughs, but this was very far short of establishing the "equal electoral districts" demanded by the people's charter, thomas love peacock who in his "melincourt" of 1817 had brilliantly satirized the old unreformed system wrote in his preface to the 1856 edition: "the boroughs of onevote and threevotes have been extinguished; but there remain boroughs of fewvotes..." on the other hand greater london, with one-tenth of the population of england and wales; only returned 22 members to parliaments  page four during the generation following 1832 the disproportion grew worse, since the under-represented towns were rapidly increasing in population while the old-fashioned county towns were often stagnating.

Slave Society : Some Problems

it has often been held that the long series of successful military campaigns waged by rome in the last two centuries b.c. provided an endless flow of cheap slaves and rendered possible the jump from domestic slavery to industrial slavery in italy; that with the stabilisation of the frontier of the empire by augustus this flow dwindled to a trickle, and that as a consequence the number of slaves gradually fell; and that this shortage of slaves is one of the factors leading to the replacement of slaves by peasants tied to the land and by free wage labourers.  - 7 other sources of slaves in these early societies are sale of children - sporadic everywhere; as the humane parent will prefer slavery to starvation for his children - self sale (a kind of permanent debt-slavery but often an improvement for the poor, landless men from the marginal areas); gambling (often mentioned in legal and literary sources, but hardly an important source of man power), birth from a slave mother, and purchase. any slave, bther than a protected debt-slave could be bought and sold.

The authoritarianism of the Fifties

For if the real plotters could be patriots, then communist votes could be anti-votes, the largest majority ever enjoyed by a fourth republic prime minister could be too precarious for the republican government of the land to continue; the president and protector of the republic could threaten the assembly with civil war if they did not get out of the way as quickly as possible; de gaulle could show his determination to restore french grandeur, by accepting power from the torturers of algeria, the bombers of port said and the plotters of ajaccio, as he could show his loathing of the systeme by re-presenting its archetypal representatives— pinay, mollet, lejeune—in the rogues gallery that was his first cabinet of national regeneration. But the leaders of the fourth republic—and especially the parties of the left—achieved something unique in modern french history: they alienated the french people, above all the working class, from identification or involvement with the defence of republican institutions: "from the 13th of may, the workers at simca, citroen and renault brought into the factories more radio sets than during the tour de france and went off into the corners of the factory to listen to the news from paris and algiers, what did they do?

The scope of nationalisation

the plan for the nationalisation of the industry produced by the national federation of building trade operatives envisages outright state ownership of all firms employing over 20 men, and the establishment of a ministry of building as executant authority, and a national building corporation, representing all sides of the industry, as * colonial based companies are discussed in another section of this pamphlet. (iii) where an industry seems to be in need of large-scale investment, and where private ownership seems unlikely to provide it; (iv) where a section of industry is closely dependent on the state for orders; (v) where an industry is largely engaged in providing goods for defence purposes.